Correlating "Fuzzy Time" Events in One Table with Precise Measurements in Another Table

Calculated columns. I am continually realizing how much there is to know about them - stuff I haven't really been forced to learn since I rely so heavily on Pivotstream's database team. My recent work with scientific and medical data sets, starting with the really simple fake data set and then moving into the rat sniffing data, has really driven this home.

So let's do a quick treatment of fetching data from one table into another, using calculated columns, and in different situations.